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Other structures can be present on the vaginal wall though most of the time these can be differentiated from rugae. [12] [13] Vaginal cysts can be small protrusions into the vagina that can be felt or palpated by a clinician. Vaginal inclusion cysts can appear as small bumps and can develop after childbirth. [12]
Glycogen is the complex form of sugar present in the vaginal epithelium that is metabolized into lactic acid Low pH is necessary to control vaginal microbiota. Vaginal epithelial cells have a relatively high concentration of glycogen compared to other epithelial cells of the human body.
These cells are known to initiate mucosal immunity responses on the apical membrane of the M cells and allow for transport of microbes and particles across the epithelial cell layer from the gut lumen to the lamina propria where interactions with immune cells can take place. [1]
The lamina propria may also be rich in vascular networks, lymphatic vessels, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle fascicles from the muscularis mucosae. Afferent and efferent nerve endings can be found in the lamina propria as well. [6] Immune cells as well as lymphoid tissue, including lymphoid nodules and capillaries, may be present.
Placental alpha microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) is a human protein that was first isolated in 1975 from amniotic fluid.PAMG-1 is an important biomarker for the detection of premature rupture of fetal membrane (PROM) The high concentration of PAMG-1 in amniotic fluid means it can be used to detect if this fluid is present in the cervico-vaginal discharge of pregnant women; the presence of PAMG-1 in ...
Normal numbers and types of mononuclear cells were present in the lamina propria. Most notably focal epithelial tufts were found on the surface epithelium. These tufts were composed of closely packed enterocytes with apical rounding of the plasma membrane, resulting in a teardrop configuration of the cells.
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The differentiated regulatory T cells subsequently migrate to the lamina propria, where they multiply. CX3CR1+ macrophages present in this environment secrete IL-10, which is required for the expansion of the regulatory T cell population. [35] In the lamina propria the regulatory T cell population creates a tolerogenic environment to food antigens.