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Short-acting medications provide quick or "rescue" relief from acute bronchoconstriction. Long-acting bronchodilators help to control and prevent symptoms. The three types of prescription bronchodilating drugs are beta-2 adrenergic agonists (short- and long-acting), anticholinergics (short- and long-acting), and theophylline (long-acting).
Long-acting muscarinic antagonists, including tiotropium, aclidinium and umeclidinium, are indicated for severe asthma in maintenance treatment. [2] Muscarinic antagonists can reduce cholinergic bronchomotor tone, resulting in airway muscle relexation and bronchodilation. [8]
Formoterol, also known as eformoterol, is a long-acting β 2 agonist (LABA) used as a bronchodilator in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Formoterol has an extended duration of action (up to 12 h) compared to short-acting β 2 agonists such as salbutamol (albuterol), which are effective for 4 h to 6 h.
[17] [18] It has been shown to, 1) reduce asthma exacerbations that require oral corticosteroids, 2) reduce hospital visits better than maintenance on inhaled corticosteroids alone at a higher dose, or 3) inhaled corticosteroid at the same or higher dose together with a long-acting bronchodilator (LABA), with a short-acting bronchodilator (SABA ...
Reduction in asthma attacks, ER visits, and hospitalizations for respiratory symptoms are maintained to at least 5 years. [8] These benefits were observed during clinical studies where patients continued to take their standard maintenance asthma medications which included combinations of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting bronchodilators.
Rescue inhalers contain a short-acting bronchodilator like albuterol or levalbuterol to relax those clenched muscles around the airways and help open up those narrowed airways.
Tiotropium is used as maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). [16] [17] It may also be used as an add-on therapy in people with moderate-to-severe asthma on medium to high dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). [18] [19] It is not however approved for acute exacerbations of COPD or acute worsening of asthma. [10]
Doxofylline (also known as doxophylline) is a phosphodiesterase inhibiting bronchodilator used in the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma [1] and COPD. [2] Like theophylline, it is a xanthine derivative. [3] [4]