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In number theory, a narcissistic number [1] [2] (also known as a pluperfect digital invariant (PPDI), [3] an Armstrong number [4] (after Michael F. Armstrong) [5] or a plus perfect number) [6] in a given number base is a number that is the sum of its own digits each raised to the power of the number of digits.
The earliest reference to a similar formula appears to be Armstrong (1985, p. 348), where it is called "adjusted MAPE" and is defined without the absolute values in the denominator. It was later discussed, modified, and re-proposed by Flores (1986). Armstrong's original definition is as follows:
Given a number base , a natural number with digits is an automorphic number if is a fixed point of the polynomial function = over /, the ring of integers modulo.As the inverse limit of / is , the ring of -adic integers, automorphic numbers are used to find the numerical representations of the fixed points of () = over .
If-then-else flow diagram A nested if–then–else flow diagram. In computer science, conditionals (that is, conditional statements, conditional expressions and conditional constructs) are programming language constructs that perform different computations or actions or return different values depending on the value of a Boolean expression, called a condition.
For example, consider the number 100, whose divisors are these numbers: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100. When all possible divisors up to n {\displaystyle n} are tested, some divisors will be discovered twice .
For example 111111111111111 (15 digits) is divisible by 111 and 11111 in that base. If a number m can be expressed as a string of prime length to some base, such a number may or may not be prime, but commonly is not; for example, to base 10, there are only three such numbers of length less than 100 (1 is by definition, not prime). The three are:
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The number fitting this definition later became 12407 from November 2009 until at least November 2011, then 13794 as of April 2012, until it appeared in sequence OEIS: A218631 as of 3 November 2012. Since November 2013, that number was 14228, at least until 14 April 2014. [5] In May 2021, the number was 20067.