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  2. Double tee - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_tee

    Diagram of double tee beam. A double tee or double-T beam is a load-bearing structure that resembles two T-beams connected to each other side by side. The strong bond of the flange (horizontal section) and the two webs (vertical members, also known as stems) creates a structure that is capable of withstanding high loads while having a long span.

  3. Grade beam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_beam

    Grade beam. A grade beam or grade beam footing is a component of a building's foundation. It consists of a reinforced concrete beam that transmits the load from a bearing wall into spaced foundations such as pile caps or caissons. [1]

  4. T-beam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-beam

    Concrete beams are often poured integrally with the slab, forming a much stronger T–shaped beam. These beams are very efficient because the slab portion carries the compressive loads and the reinforcing bars placed at the bottom of the stem carry the tension. A T-beam typically has a narrower stem than an ordinary rectangular beam.

  5. Retaining wall - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wall

    Cantilevered retaining walls are made from an internal stem of steel-reinforced, cast-in-place concrete or mortared masonry (often in the shape of an inverted T). These walls cantilever loads (like a beam ) to a large, structural footing, converting horizontal pressures from behind the wall to vertical pressures on the ground below.

  6. Waffle slab - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffle_slab

    Waffle slabs are preferred for spans greater than 40 feet (12 m), because, for a given mass of concrete, they are much stronger than flat slabs, flat slabs with drop panels, two-way slabs, one-way slabs, and one-way joist slabs. [2] Section of a waffle slab including beam, ribs, and column head

  7. Wall - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall

    Walls are required to conform to the local building and/or fire codes. There are three basic methods walls control water intrusion: moisture storage, drained cladding, or face-sealed cladding. [2] Moisture storage is typical of stone and brick mass-wall buildings where moisture is absorbed and released by the walls of the structure itself.

  8. Pony wall - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Wall

    A pony wall is a short wall.. In different circumstances, it may refer to: a half wall that only extends partway from floor to ceiling, without supporting anything.; a stem wall, a concrete wall that extends from the foundation slab to the cripple wall or floor joists.

  9. Wall footing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_footing

    Wall Footing . A wall footing or strip footing is a continuous strip of concrete that serves to spread the weight of a load-bearing wall across an area of soil. [1] It is a component of a shallow foundation. [1] Wall Footing. Wall footings carrying direct vertical loads might be designed either in plain concrete or in reinforced concrete.

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