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The epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) is a gene complex comprising over fifty genes encoding proteins involved in the terminal differentiation and cornification of keratinocytes, the primary cell type of the epidermis. In humans, the complex is located on a 1.9 Mbp stretch within chromosome 1q21.
Filaggrin (filament aggregating protein) is a filament-associated protein that binds to keratin fibers in epithelial cells.Ten to twelve filaggrin units are post-translationally hydrolyzed from a large profilaggrin precursor protein during terminal differentiation of epidermal cells. [3]
During this differentiation process, keratinocytes permanently withdraw from the cell cycle, initiate expression of epidermal differentiation markers, and move suprabasally as they become part of the stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and eventually corneocytes in the stratum corneum.
This process begins when the EM fungus adheres to the root hair from the soil. [13] The fungus then secretes diffusible factors, to which root hairs are highly sensitive, allowing the hyphae to penetrate into the epidermal cells and create a Hartig net in the first layers of the root cortex. [ 13 ]
This process is a normal protective mechanism of the skin to prevent pathogens from colonizing the skin, and is referred to as desquamation. In healthy skin, desquamation is an invisible process and the stratum corneum is turned over completely within 2–4 weeks, while maintaining the tissue thickness.
The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis. [1] The epidermal layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens [2] and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss.
The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a structure that forms from the ectodermal cells at the distal end of each limb bud and acts as a major signaling center to ensure proper development of a limb.
Notch signaling is known to occur inside ciliated, differentiating cells found in the first epidermal layers during early skin development. [68] Furthermore, it has found that presenilin-2 works in conjunction with ARF4 to regulate Notch signaling during this development. [ 69 ]