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This includes studies on supplements containing glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM). [20] Because they are not regulated, joint supplements are not required to contain what has been listed on the label. [7] Additionally, oral joint supplements may have questionable bioavailability. [21]
Side effects from intra-articular administration can include joint pain, swelling, lameness, and, rarely, infection of the joint. Intramuscular injection can cause dose-dependent inflammation and bleeding, since PSGAG is an analogue of the anticoagulant heparin. [4] In dogs, this may manifest as bleeding from the nose or as bloody stools. [7]
[3] [4] A 2008–2009 review of all known studies of glucosamine supplements for horses, for example, found that almost all studies had failed to meet usual standards and were fatally compromised by basic errors in their execution, including failure to test whether active ingredients were as stated, lack of adequate (or any) control groups or ...
Another study examined both the serum and the joint synovial fluid after nasogastric (oral) or intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg glucosamine hydrochloride to eight adult horses. [48] Although joint fluid concentrations of glucosamine reached 9–15 μmol/L following intravenous dosing, it was only 0.3–0.7 μmol/L with nasogastric dosing.
One group of common alternative treatments are nutraceutical supplements. The most popular of these are joint supplements such as glucosamine, chondroitin, MSM, and hyaluronic acid. Related to joint supplements are various treatments for pain, viewed as alternatives to the common mainstream pain-reducing medications phenylbutazone, and banamine ...
Other joint medications, like hyaluronic acid and Adequan, may help alleviate the pain if the horse has mild bone spavin. However, they are less useful for treating moderate of severe cases. Nutritional supplements containing MSM, glucosamine, and other ingredients may also help horses with moderate bone spavin.
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