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The Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) is an independent tribunal which adjudicates labour disputes in South Africa. It was established in November 1996 in terms of Section 112 of the Labour Relations Act, 1995, which in turn implements the labour rights provided for in section 23 of the Constitution of South Africa.
It is often viewed as a complement to the Labour Court's 2008 decision in Discovery Health Limited v CCMA on the application of labour law to employees lacking valid work permits – those "who perform work illegally", in contrast to Kylie and other "employees performing illegal work". [2] [3] [6]
Additionally, there are three types of reservations that countries may apply: [4] Conventional Reservation – some countries only enforce arbitration awards issued in a Convention member state; Commercial Reservation – some countries only enforce arbitration awards that are related to commercial transactions
Methods of dispute resolution include: lawsuits (litigation) (legislative) [5]; arbitration; collaborative law; mediation; conciliation; negotiation; facilitation; avoidance; One could theoretically include violence or even war as part of this spectrum, but dispute resolution practitioners do not usually do so; violence rarely ends disputes effectively, and indeed, often only escalates them.
Most arbitration clauses will provide a nominated person or body to select a sole arbitrator if the parties are unable to agree (for example, the President of the relevant jurisdiction's Bar Association, or a recognised professional arbitration organisation such as the LCIA, or a relevant professional organisation). In default of such a ...
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Why ACL tears happen can be different in men and women. Studies have shown women are two to eight times more likely to injure their ACL compared to men.
MADRID (AP) — Kylian Mbappé made some peace with Real Madrid’s fans. Mbappé scored in Madrid's 2-0 win over Getafe in the Spanish league on Sunday to help ease the pressure on the France star.