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Membrane proteins fall into several broad categories depending on their location. Integral membrane proteins are a permanent part of a cell membrane and can either penetrate the membrane (transmembrane) or associate with one or the other side of a membrane (integral monotopic). Peripheral membrane proteins are transiently associated with the ...
Schematic representation of the different types of interaction between monotopic membrane proteins and the cell membrane: 1. interaction by an amphipathic α-helix parallel to the membrane plane (in-plane membrane helix) 2. interaction by a hydrophobic loop 3. interaction by a covalently bound membrane lipid (lipidation) 4. electrostatic or ...
Depending on the number of transmembrane segments, transmembrane proteins can be classified as single-pass membrane proteins, or as multipass membrane proteins. [2] Some other integral membrane proteins are called monotopic, meaning that they are also permanently attached to the membrane, but do not pass through it. [3]
Membrane proteins exist in three topologies: polytopic, bitopic, and monotopic, depending on the distribution of their domains throughout the membrane. [15] The domains of polytopic proteins cross the membrane multiple times while bitopic proteins may only pass through the membrane once typically with a transmembrane helix connecting two ...
The alternative oxidase is an integral monotopic membrane protein that is tightly bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane from matrix side [18] The enzyme has been predicted to contain a coupled diiron center on the basis of a conserved sequence motif consisting of the proposed iron ligands, four glutamate and two histidine amino acid residues. [19]
Each subunit has three different structural domains: a short N-terminal epidermal growth factor domain; an α-helical membrane-binding moiety; and a C-terminal catalytic domain. PTGS (COX, which can be confused with " cytochrome oxidase ") enzymes are monotopic membrane proteins; the membrane-binding domain consists of a series of amphipathic ...
A single-pass membrane protein also known as single-spanning protein or bitopic protein is a transmembrane protein that spans the lipid bilayer only once. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] These proteins may constitute up to 50% of all transmembrane proteins , depending on the organism, and contribute significantly to the network of interactions between different ...
A pump is a protein that hydrolyses ATP to transport a particular solute through a membrane, and in doing so, generating an electrochemical gradient membrane potential. This gradient is of interest as an indicator of the state of the cell through parameters such as the Nernst potential .