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In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark, hence the name, derived from the Ancient Greek word φλοιός (phloiós), meaning "bark". [3] [4] The term was introduced by Carl Nägeli in 1858. [5] [6] Different types of phloem can be distinguished. The early phloem formed in the growth apices is called protophloem.
Like all vascular plants, trees use two vascular tissues for transportation of water and nutrients: the xylem (also known as the wood) and the phloem (the innermost layer of the bark). Girdling results in the removal of the phloem , and death occurs from the inability of the leaves to transport sugars (primarily sucrose ) to the roots .
The fascicular and interfascicular cambia thus join up to form a ring (in three dimensions, a tube) which separates the primary xylem and primary phloem, the cambium ring. The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem on the inside of the ring, and secondary phloem on the outside, pushing the primary xylem and phloem apart.
Bast fiber from oak trees forms the oldest preserved woven fabrics in the world. It was unearthed at the archeological site at Çatalhöyük in Turkey and dates to 8000-9000 years ago. [5] Dress of unspecified bast fibre, Yuracaré, Rio Chimoré, Bolivia 1908–1909. Cycling suit of linen bast fiber, New York, New York, United States, 1908
In trees and other plants that develop wood, the vascular cambium allows the expansion of vascular tissue that produces woody growth. Because this growth ruptures the epidermis of the stem, woody plants also have a cork cambium that develops among the phloem.
When an elm is infected with elm yellows, the root hairs die. The phytoplasma infection then moves up the bark and infects the phloem, depriving the tree of nutrients. [1] Death of the phloem essentially strangles the tree. As the phloem is infected, it will change color and take on a wintergreen smell, similar to that of black birch or birch beer.
The phloem is how the tree transports nutrients from the roots to the shoots and vice versa. The next layer is the cambium , a very thin layer of undifferentiated cells that divide to replenish the phloem cells on the outside and the xylem cells to the inside.
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, ... woody plants also have a cork cambium that develops among the phloem. The cork cambium ...
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