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2. Spinel - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel

   Polyhedral representation of spinel MgAl 2 O 4. Spinel (/ s p ɪ ˈ n ɛ l, ˈ s p ɪ n əl / [7]) is the magnesium/aluminium member of the larger spinel group of minerals. It has the formula MgAl 2 O 4 in the cubic crystal system. Its name comes from the Latin word spinella, a diminutive form of spine, in reference to its pointed crystals. [5]

3. List of gemstones by species - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gemstones_by_species

   Calcite. Manganoan calcite (var.); Caledonite; Canasite; Cancrinite. Vishnevite; Carletonite; Carnallite; Cassiterite; Catapleiite; Cavansite; Celestite; Ceruleite ...

4. List of individual gemstones - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individual_gemstones

   Samarian Spinel, the world's largest spinel; Menshikov Ruby, the world's second largest spinel set on top of the Great Imperial Crown of Russia; Timur Ruby, believed to be a ruby until 1851, hence its name; Black Prince's Ruby, the famous spinel mounted on the Imperial State Crown of the United Kingdom

5. Birthstone - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthstone

   In 1912, to standardize birthstones, the (American) National Association of Jewelers (now called Jewelers of America) met in Kansas and officially adopted a list. [1]: 317 The Jewelry Industry Council of America updated the list in 1952 [3]: 311 by adding Alexandrite for June, citrine for November and pink tourmaline for October.

6. Carbuncle (gemstone) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuncle_(gemstone)

   Carbuncles and their chimeras have spanned three millennia. Intermingling red gems until the time of their crystal-chemical definitions at the end of the 18th century, they united, for commercial purposes, the various sardonyx and carnelian, garnets, ruby and spinel as an intrinsic common quality of their luminous dispersion magnified by artifacts.

7. Stonesetting - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonesetting

   The earliest known technique of attaching stones to jewelry was bezel setting. A bezel is a strip of metal bent into the shape and size of the stone and then soldered to the piece of jewelry. The stone is then inserted into the bezel, and the metal edge of the bezel pressed over the edge of the stone, holding it in place.