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The field which studies ontologies so conceived is sometimes referred to as applied ontology. [1] Every academic discipline or field, in creating its terminology, thereby lays the groundwork for an ontology. Each uses ontological assumptions to frame explicit theories, research and applications.
Ontology is the philosophical study of being. It is traditionally understood as the subdiscipline of metaphysics focused on the most general features of reality.As one of the most fundamental concepts, being encompasses all of reality and every entity within it.
Applied ontology is the application of Ontology for practical purposes. This can involve employing ontological methods or resources to specific domains, [ 1 ] such as management , relationships , biomedicine , information science or geography .
Example of a constructed MBED Top Level Ontology based on the nominal set of views. [1]In computer science, information science and systems engineering, ontology engineering is a field which studies the methods and methodologies for building ontologies, which encompasses a representation, formal naming and definition of the categories, properties and relations between the concepts, data and ...
Individuals (instances) are the basic, "ground level" components of an ontology. The individuals in an ontology may include concrete objects such as people, animals, tables, automobiles, molecules, and planets, as well as abstract individuals such as numbers and words (although there are differences of opinion as to whether numbers and words are classes or individuals).
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) is a top-level ontology developed by Barry Smith and his associates for the purposes of promoting interoperability among domain ontologies built in its terms through a process of downward population. A guide to building BFO-conformant domain ontologies was published by MIT Press in 2015.
The General Formal Ontology (GFO) is an upper ontology integrating processes and objects. [1] GFO has been developed by Heinrich Herre, Barbara Heller and collaborators (research group Onto-Med) in Leipzig. Although GFO provides one taxonomic tree, different axiom systems may be chosen for its modules.
He contributes to the development of a number of biological and biomedical ontologies, including the Protein Ontology, [33] the Plant Ontology, [34] and others. Between 2005 and 2015 he was a co-PI of the NIH National Center for Biomedical Ontology , [ 35 ] where he was responsible especially for dissemination of ontology best practices and for ...