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Isobars are atoms of different chemical elements that have the same number of nucleons. Correspondingly, isobars differ in atomic number (or number of protons ) but have the same mass number . An example of a series of isobars is 40 S , 40 Cl , 40 Ar , 40 K , and 40 Ca .
The different electron states which exist in an atom are usually described by atomic orbital notation, as is used in chemistry and general physics. However, X-ray science has special terminology to describe the transition of electrons from upper to lower energy levels: traditional Siegbahn notation, or alternatively, simplified X-ray notation.
Beta-decay stable isobars are the set of nuclides which cannot undergo beta decay, that is, the transformation of a neutron to a proton or a proton to a neutron within the nucleus. A subset of these nuclides are also stable with regards to double beta decay or theoretically higher simultaneous beta decay, as they have the lowest energy of all ...
The Mattauch isobar rule, formulated by Josef Mattauch in 1934, states that if two adjacent elements on the periodic table have isotopes of the same mass number, one of the isotopes must be radioactive. [1] [2] Two nuclides that have the same mass number can both be stable only if their atomic numbers differ by more than one.
Isobar may refer to: Isobar (meteorology), a line connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure reduced to sea level on the maps. Isobaric process, a process taking place at constant pressure; Isobar (nuclide), one of multiple nuclides with the same mass but with different numbers of protons (or, equivalently, different numbers of neutrons).
Visualization of a (fictive) formation of isotherms (red-orange) and isobars (blue) in a baroclinic atmospheric layering. A rotating tank experiment modelling baroclinic eddies in the atmosphere In fluid dynamics , the baroclinity (often called baroclinicity ) of a stratified fluid is a measure of how misaligned the gradient of pressure is from ...
Beta radiation from linac accelerators is far more energetic and penetrating than natural beta radiation. It is sometimes used therapeutically in radiotherapy to treat superficial tumors. Beta-plus (β +) radiation is the emission of positrons, which are the antimatter form of electrons. When a positron slows to speeds similar to those of ...
Smoke detectors use a very small quantity of 241 Am (about 0.29 micrograms per smoke detector) in the form of americium dioxide. 241 Am is used as it emits alpha particles which ionize the air in the detector's ionization chamber. A small electric voltage is applied to the ionized air which gives rise to a small electric current.