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Liquid armor is a material under research by defense institutions and universities around the world including the United States Army Research Laboratory (ARL). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Some of the earliest research in this area was performed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology [ 4 ] and University of Delaware [ 5 ] in 2003.
In 2002, researchers at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and University of Delaware began researching the use of liquid armor, or a shear-thickening fluid in body armor. Researchers demonstrated that high-strength fabrics such as Kevlar can be made more bulletproof and stab-resistant when impregnated with the fluid.
The sudden application of force—by stabbing the surface with a finger, for example, or rapidly inverting the container holding it—causes the fluid to behave like a solid rather than a liquid. This is the "shear thickening" property of this non-Newtonian fluid. More gentle treatment, such as slowly inserting a spoon, will leave it in its ...
MIL-DTL-46100E specifies a steel of identical hardness. [3] MIL-DTL-32332 specifies ultra-hard steel, with Brinell hardness in excess of 570. [3] A Chinese publication lists 30MnCrNiMo "685" steel as the material used in Chinese rolled armor plates, with a Brinell Hardness of HBW 444-514 (thin) / 429-495 (thick).
Harvey armor was a type of steel armor developed in the early 1890s in which the front surfaces of the plates were case hardened. The method for doing this was known as the Harvey process, and was invented by the American engineer Hayward Augustus Harvey. The Harvey United Steel Company was a steel cartel whose chairman was Albert Vickers.
The development of such homogeneous steel resulted from testing which showed that face-hardened armor was less effective against high-obliquity glancing impacts. Around 1910, Carnegie Steel developed a new nickel-chrome-vanadium alloy-steel that offers improved protection over the prior nickel steel armor, though vanadium was no longer used ...
Krupp armour was a type of steel naval armour used in the construction of capital ships starting shortly before the end of the nineteenth century. It was developed by Germany's Krupp Arms Works in 1893 and quickly replaced Harvey armour as the primary method of protecting naval ships, before itself being supplanted by the improved Krupp ...
Non-explosive reactive armour (NxRA), also known as non-energetic reactive armor (NERA), is a type of vehicle armor used by modern main battle tanks and heavy infantry fighting vehicles. NERA advantages over explosive reactive armor (ERA) are its inexpensiveness, multi-hit capability, [ 1 ] and ease of integration onto armored vehicles due to ...