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The synchrony gives a short period of receptivity known as the window of implantation, and involves much crosstalk between the blastocyst and the endometrium at this stage. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] The endocannabinoid system plays a vital role in this synchrony in the uterus, influencing uterine receptivity, and embryo implantation. [ 5 ]
A health care provider closely monitors the development of the eggs using transvaginal ultrasound and blood tests to assess follicle growth and estrogen production by the ovaries. When follicles have reached an adequate size and the eggs are mature enough, an injection of the hormone hCG initiates the ovulation process.
PP-14 is known to be a great marker to predict the outcome of in vitro fertilization and the embryo transfer cycle. Some studies have shown that the serum concentration of Placental Protein 14 was highly increased after the embryo transfer cycle, and they conclude that PP-14 might be an excellent marker to predict the endometrial receptivity. [26]
The technique consists of taking a denucleated oocyte (egg cell) and implanting a donor nucleus from a somatic (body) cell. It is used in both therapeutic and reproductive cloning . In 1996, Dolly the sheep became famous for being the first successful case of the reproductive cloning of a mammal. [ 1 ]
The ethical decisions regarding this procedure is in the discretion of health care providers and their patients. [91] In contrast, the UK's use of PGD is regulated by the Human Fertilization and Embryology Act (HFEA), which requires clinics performing this technique to attain a license and follow strict criteria.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process of fertilization in which an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, then removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from her ovaries and enabling a man's sperm to fertilise them in a culture medium in a laboratory.
However, some research with nonhuman primates suggests a role for androgens in female sexual behaviour. Adrenalectomized female rhesus monkeys displayed diminished female sexual receptivity. [4] Later studies revealed this diminished sexual receptivity was specific to the elimination of androgens that can be converted to estrogen. [5]
Stereotactic surgery is a minimally invasive form of surgical intervention that makes use of a three-dimensional coordinate system to locate small targets inside the body and to perform on them some action such as ablation, biopsy, lesion, injection, stimulation, implantation, radiosurgery (SRS), etc.