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For example, when getting to know others, people tend to ask leading questions which seem biased towards confirming their assumptions about the person. However, this kind of confirmation bias has also been argued to be an example of social skill; a way to establish a connection with the other person. [9]
Even if a study meets the benchmark requirements for and , and is free of bias, there is still a 36% probability that a paper reporting a positive result will be incorrect; if the base probability of a true result is lower, then this will push the PPV lower too. Furthermore, there is strong evidence that the average statistical power of a study ...
There are multiple formal definitions of "inherent bias" which depend on the particular field of study. In statistics , the phrase is used in relation to an inability to measure accurately and directly what one would wish to measure, meaning that indirect measurements are used which might be subject to unknown distortions.
Publication bias is a type of bias with regard to what academic research is likely to be published because of a tendency among researchers and journal editors to prefer some outcomes rather than others (e.g., results showing a significant finding), which leads to a problematic bias in the published literature. [139]
Distinction bias, a concept of decision theory, is the tendency to view two options as more distinctive when evaluating them simultaneously than when evaluating them separately. One writer has presented what he called "a simplistic view" of distinction bias: When asked if someone would like an apple, they may say "Yes".
This essay addresses issues of systemic bias specific to the English Wikipedia. As a result of systemic bias , Wikipedia underrepresents the perspectives of people in the Global South , people who lack adequate access to the internet or a serviceable computer, and people who do not have free time to edit the encyclopedia.
White hat bias (WHB) is a purported "bias leading to the distortion of information in the service of what may be perceived to be righteous ends", which consist of both cherry picking the evidence and publication bias. [1]
This cognitive bias can happen even if the evidence against the assumption is presented to the person. This tendency has extensive ramifications for societal dynamics, interpersonal relationships, as well as conflict resolution. Intentionality bias may result in misjudgment of people's behavior, misunderstanding as well as miscommunication.