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A rollover can also occur as a vehicle crosses a ditch or slope. Slopes steeper than 33% (one vertical unit rise or fall per three horizontal units) are called "critical slopes" because they can cause most vehicles to overturn. [5] A vehicle may roll over when hitting a large obstacle with one of its wheels or when maneuvering over uneven terrain.
An active rollover protection (ARP), is a system that recognizes impending rollover and selectively applies brakes to resist. [ 1 ] ARP builds on electronic stability control and its three chassis control systems already on the vehicle – anti-lock braking system , traction control and yaw control .
A rollover protection structure or rollover protection system (ROPS) (/ r oʊ p s / or / ˌ ɑːr oʊ p i ˈ ɛ s /) is a system or structure intended to protect equipment operators and motorists from injuries caused by vehicle overturns or rollovers.
Racecar roll cage inside a Suzuki Swift. A roll cage is a specially engineered and constructed frame built in (or sometimes around, in which case it is known as an exo cage) the passenger compartment of a vehicle to protect its occupants from being injured or killed in an accident, particularly in the event of a rollover.
Because an anti-roll bar connects wheels on opposite sides of the vehicle, the bar transmits the force of a bump on one wheel to the opposite wheel. On rough or broken pavement, anti-roll bars can produce jarring, side-to-side body motions (a "waddling" sensation), which increase in severity with the diameter and stiffness of the anti-roll bars.
Roadway departure collisions where the vehicle is sliding or spinning and runs broadside into a fixed obstacle are particularly dangerous since the vehicle doors and sides provide less protection to occupants than the front of the car. Target fixation is an issue for drivers, causing them to impact with objects that could be easily avoided.
For a vertical edge, the steering angle needed to mount the pavement edge is sharp enough to cause loss of control once the vehicle is back on top of the pavement. If the driver cannot correct this in time, the vehicle may veer into oncoming traffic, or off the opposite side of the road. [10]
The tendency to roll over on sharp changes in direction is built into the vehicle. Ford attempted to counteract the forces of nature by specifying lower than optimum pressures in the tires in order to induce them to lose traction and slide under sideways forces rather than to grip and force the vehicle to roll over.