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The problem is now finding how to break the loop without affecting the bias point and altering the results. Middlebrook [3] and Rosenstark [4] have proposed several methods for experimental evaluation of return ratio (loosely referred to by these authors as simply loop gain), and similar methods have been adapted for use in SPICE by Hurst. [5]
Gain or 'absolute gain' is defined as "The ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction to the radiation intensity that would be produced if the power accepted by the antenna were isotropically radiated". [1] Usually this ratio is expressed in decibels with respect to an isotropic radiator (dBi).
Mason's gain formula (MGF) is a method for finding the transfer function of a linear signal-flow graph (SFG). The formula was derived by Samuel Jefferson Mason , [ 1 ] for whom it is named.
It is also possible to depict the directive gain of the antenna as a function of the direction. Often the gain is given in decibels. The graphs can be drawn using Cartesian (rectangular) coordinates or a polar plot. This last one is useful to measure the beamwidth, which is, by convention, the angle at the −3dB points around the max gain.
Beyond the unity gain frequency f 0 dB, the open-loop gain is sufficiently small that A FB ≈ A OL (examine the formula at the beginning of this section for the case of small A OL). Figure 7 shows the corresponding phase comparison: the phase of the feedback amplifier is nearly zero out to the frequency f 180 where the open-loop gain has a ...
The "P" (proportional) gain, is then increased (from zero) until it reaches the ultimate gain, at which the output of the control loop has stable and consistent oscillations. K u {\displaystyle K_{u}} and the oscillation period T u {\displaystyle T_{u}} are then used to set the P, I, and D gains depending on the type of controller used and ...
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In electronics and control system theory, loop gain is the sum of the gain, expressed as a ratio or in decibels, around a feedback loop. Feedback loops are widely used in electronics in amplifiers and oscillators , and more generally in both electronic and nonelectronic industrial control systems to control industrial plant and equipment.