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He also added that whilst Egyptian society became more socially complex and biologically varied, the "ethnicity of the Niloto-Saharo-Sudanese origins did not change". [73] William Stiebling and Susan Helft wrote in 2023 on the historical debate concerning the race and ethnicity of the ancient Egyptians in light of recent evidence.
Critical race theory (CRT) is an academic field focused on the relationships between social conceptions of race and ethnicity, social and political laws, and mass media.CRT also considers racism to be systemic in various laws and rules, not based only on individuals' prejudices.
A racial hierarchy is a system of stratification that is based on the belief that some racial groups are superior to other racial groups. At various points of history, racial hierarchies have featured in societies, often being formally instituted in law, such as in the Nuremberg Laws in Nazi Germany. [1]
[277] [278] In his book Mein Kampf, Hitler discussed U.S. laws and policies and noted that the United States was a racial model for Europe and that it was "the one state" in the world that was creating the kind of racist society that national socialists wanted, praising the way the "Aryan" US conquered "its own continent" by clearing the "soil ...
Social dominance theory (SDT) is a social psychological theory of intergroup relations that examines the caste-like features [1] of group-based social hierarchies, and how these hierarchies remain stable and perpetuate themselves. [2]
Overt racism usually feeds directly into a stratification system through its effect on social status. For example, members associated with a particular race may be assigned a slave status , a form of oppression in which the majority refuses to grant basic rights to a minority that are granted to other members of the society.
Similarly, the term racism can refer either strictly to personal prejudice or to institutional racism. The latter has been defined as "the ways in which conscious or unconscious classism is manifest in the various institutions of our society". [10]
Racialization or ethnicization is a sociological concept used to describe the intent and processes by which ethnic or racial identities are systematically constructed within a society. [1] [2] Constructs for racialization are centered on erroneous generalizations about racial aspects of distinct groups, leading to the denial of equal societal ...