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Equivalent cautions are specified in Welsh. The 1994 Act, in addition to the amended codes of practice, was based on the 1972 Criminal Law Revision Committee report and the Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1988. It rejected the reports of the 1991 Royal Commission on Criminal Justice and the Working Group on the right to silence.
Portrait of English judge Sir Edward Coke. Neither the reasons nor the history behind the right to silence are entirely clear. The Latin brocard nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare ('no man is bound to accuse himself') became a rallying cry for religious and political dissidents who were prosecuted in the Star Chamber and High Commission of 16th-century England.
Although some labelled natural rights as "nonsense upon stilts", [12] more legal rights were slowly developed by Parliament and the courts. In 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft began the British movement for women's rights and equality, [13] while movements behind the Tolpuddle martyrs and the Chartists drove reform for labour and democratic freedom. [14]
The UK does not have a single legal system because it was created by the political union of previously independent countries. Article 19 of the Treaty of Union, put into effect by the Acts of Union in 1707, created the Kingdom of Great Britain but guaranteed the continued existence of Scotland's and England's separate legal systems. [7]
In the United States, the Miranda warning is a type of notification customarily given by police to criminal suspects in police custody (or in a custodial interrogation) advising them of their right to silence and, in effect, protection from self-incrimination; that is, their right to refuse to answer questions or provide information to law enforcement or other officials.
While there is no general right to free speech in the UK, [1] British citizens have a negative right to freedom of expression under the common law, [2] and since 1998, freedom of expression is guaranteed according to Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, as applied in British law through the Human Rights Act. [3]
The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system due to it being created by the political union of previously independent countries with the terms of the Treaty of Union guaranteeing the continued existence of Scotland's separate legal system. Today the UK has three distinct systems of law: English law, Northern Ireland law and Scots law.
Hamlyn Revisited: The British Legal System Today 1984 Sir Gordon Borrie: The Development of Consumer Law and Policy—Bold Spirits and Timorous Souls 1985 Ralf Dahrendorf: Law and Order 1986 Sir Jack I. H. Jacob The Fabric of English Civil Justice 1987 P. S. Atiyah: Pragmatism and Theory in English Law 1988 J. C. Smith