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Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a condition that occurs when the bundle of nerves below the end of the spinal cord known as the cauda equina is damaged. [2] Signs and symptoms include low back pain, pain that radiates down the leg, numbness around the anus, and loss of bowel or bladder control. [1] Onset may be rapid or gradual. [1]
Bladder stone; Cancer of the bladder and prostate; Detrusor muscle weakness and/or instability; Diabetes; Use of ketamine [12] Neurological conditions; for example multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, cauda equina syndrome; Prostatitis, including IgG4-related prostatitis [13] [14] [15] Urethral stricture; Urinary tract infections (UTIs) [16]
Bladder involvement is more likely if the damage is in the area of the pons. Damage to the spinal cord can be caused by traumatic injury, demyelinating disease, meningitis-retention syndrome, vitamin B 12 deficiency, syringomyelia, cauda equina syndrome, or spina bifida.
The cauda equina (from Latin tail of horse) is a bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets, consisting of the second through fifth lumbar nerve pairs, the first through fifth sacral nerve pairs, and the coccygeal nerve, all of which arise from the lumbar enlargement and the conus medullaris of the spinal cord.
Symptoms include lower back pain, bladder disturbances, bowel dysfunction, and anesthesia or paresthesia between the thighs. In order to prevent progressive neurological changes surgery can be a viable option. [21] CT scans, myelograms, and MRIs are used to diagnose cauda equina. [22]
Conus medullaris syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms associated with injury to the conus medullaris. [4] It typically causes back pain and bowel and bladder dysfunction, spastic or flaccid weakness depending on the level of the lesion, and bilateral sensory loss.
Common symptoms include lower back pain, headaches, weakness (myasthenia), numbness (hypoesthesia) above and below the involved limb, [2] leg pain, [3] and sometimes rectal and genital pain. [2] Bowel and bladder dysfunction , urinary retention or incontinence may occur. [ 4 ]
Such severe spinal stenosis symptoms are virtually absent in lumbar stenosis, however, as the spinal cord terminates at the top end of the adult lumbar spine, with only nerve roots (cauda equina) continuing further down. [15] Cervical spinal stenosis is a condition involving narrowing of the spinal canal at the level of the neck.