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The source of the bedtime Shema can be found in the Talmud, where Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi asserts that one should recite the Shema before bed, even though it was also recited with the evening prayers (Berakhot 4b).
The full bedtime Shema according to Chabad custom, courtesy of Kehot Publication Society, with vowelized Hebrew and full English translation.
The third of the three daily prayers, called the maariv (or arvit) prayer, is recited after dark (the first two are recited in the morning and afternoon). This prayer was instituted by our Patriarch Jacob.
The bedtime prayers are structured around the Shema which many Jews believe will protect them for the afterlife if they unexpectedly die while sleeping. Other prayers include Psalm 91 and Psalm 3.
Jewish Law makes it our duty to pray three times daily: in the morning, in the afternoon and at nightfall. These prayers are called morning prayer (shacharit), afternoon prayer (minchah) and evening prayer (arvith or maariv).
Maariv Aravim is the first blessing before the Shema and generally the opening prayer of the Evening Service, or Maariv. It is considered to be the parallel prayer to Yotzer Or, which is recited in the same place during the morning service (Shacharit) .
The Shema is the centerpiece of the daily morning and evening prayer services and is considered by some the most essential prayer in all of Judaism. An affirmation of God’s singularity and kingship, its daily recitation is regarded by traditionally observant Jews as a biblical commandment.
In some prayerbooks, the Bedtime Shema liturgy begins here, with this blessing (taken from Talmud Brachot 60b, where it immediately precedes the sequence of morning blessings). בָּרוּךְ [אַתָּה ה', אֱלֹקֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם] הַמַּפִּיל חֶבְלֵי שֵׁנָה עַל עֵינַי ...
Maariv or Maʿariv (Hebrew: מַעֲרִיב, [maʔaˈʁiv]), also known as Arvit, or Arbit (Hebrew: עַרְבִית, [ʔaʁˈvit]), is a Jewish prayer service held in the evening or night. It consists primarily of the evening Shema and Amidah. The service will often begin with two verses from Psalms, followed by the communal recitation of Barechu.
In traditional Jewish practice, the daily tefillot or prayers are divided into three separate services: Shacharit (the morning service), Mincha (the afternoon service), and Maariv (the evening service).