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A shelter is an architectural structure or natural formation (or a combination of the two) [1] providing protection from the local environment. [2] A shelter can serve as a home or be provided by a residential institution. [3] [4] It can be understood as both a temporary and a permanent structure. [5] In the American Counterculture of the 1960s ...
Lloyd Kahn (born April 28, 1935) [1] [2] is an American publisher, editor, author, photographer, carpenter, and self-taught architect. He is the founding editor-in-chief of Shelter Publications, Inc., and is the former Shelter editor of the Whole Earth Catalog. He is a pioneer of the green building and green architecture movements.
Earth shelter. An earth shelter, also called an earth house, earth bermed house, or underground house, is a structure (usually a house) with earth ( soil) against the walls, on the roof, or that is entirely buried underground. Earth acts as thermal mass, making it easier to maintain a steady indoor air temperature and therefore reduces energy ...
Malcolm Wells (March 11, 1926 – November 27, 2009) [1] was an American architect who is regarded as "the father of modern earth-sheltered architecture." [2] Wells lived on Cape Cod, Massachusetts in a modern earth-sheltered building of his own design. [3] Wells was also a writer, illustrator, draftsman, lecturer, cartoonist, columnist, and ...
Pit-house. A pit-house (or pit house, pithouse) is a house built in the ground and used for shelter. [1] Besides providing shelter from the most extreme of weather conditions, this type of earth shelter may also be used to store food (just like a pantry, a larder, or a root cellar) and for cultural activities like the telling of stories ...
Dugout (shelter) A dugout or dug-out, also known as a pit-house or earth lodge, is a shelter for humans or domesticated animals and livestock based on a hole or depression dug into the ground. Dugouts can be fully recessed into the earth, with a flat roof covered by ground, or dug into a hillside. They can also be semi-recessed, with a ...
Lean-to. A lean-to is a type of simple structure originally added to an existing building with the rafters "leaning" against another wall. Free-standing structures open on one or more sides (colloquially referred to as lean-tos in spite of being unattached to anything) are generally used as shelters. A lean-to addition is an appendix to an ...
Hostile architecture is an urban-design strategy that uses elements of the built environment to purposefully guide behavior. It often targets people who use or rely on public space more than others, such as youth, poor people, and homeless people , by restricting the physical behaviours they can engage in. [1]