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  2. Pi bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_bond

    Two p-orbitals forming a π-bond. Pi bonds are usually weaker than sigma bonds.The C-C double bond, composed of one sigma and one pi bond, [1] has a bond energy less than twice that of a C-C single bond, indicating that the stability added by the pi bond is less than the stability of a sigma bond.

  3. Cation–π interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation–π_interaction

    The interaction is less sensitive to distance than a simple ion-quadrupole interaction which has 1/r 3 dependence. [ 13 ] A study by Sherrill and coworkers probed the geometry of the interaction further, confirming that cation–π interactions are strongest when the cation is situated perpendicular to the plane of atoms (θ = 0 degrees in the ...

  4. Pi-interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi-interaction

    In chemistry, π-effects or π-interactions are a type of non-covalent interaction that involves π systems.Just like in an electrostatic interaction where a region of negative charge interacts with a positive charge, the electron-rich π system can interact with a metal (cationic or neutral), an anion, another molecule and even another π system. [1]

  5. Pi backbonding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_backbonding

    Nitric oxide is an even stronger π-acceptor than CO and ν NO is a diagnostic tool in metal–nitrosyl chemistry. Isocyanides , RNC, are another class of ligands that are capable of π-backbonding. In contrast with CO, the σ-donor lone pair on the C atom of isocyanides is antibonding in nature and upon complexation the CN bond is strengthened ...

  6. Phi bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_bond

    In chemistry, phi bonds (φ bonds) are usually covalent chemical bonds, where six lobes of one involved atomic orbital overlap six lobes of the other involved atomic orbital. This overlap leads to the formation of a bonding molecular orbital with three nodal planes which contain the internuclear axis and go through both atoms.

  7. Fundamental interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

    Electromagnetic forces are tremendously stronger than gravity, but tend to cancel out so that for astronomical-scale bodies, gravity dominates. Electrical and magnetic phenomena have been observed since ancient times, but it was only in the 19th century James Clerk Maxwell discovered that electricity and magnetism are two aspects of the same ...

  8. Phi-hiding assumption - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi-hiding_assumption

    The phi-hiding assumption or Φ-hiding assumption is an assumption about the difficulty of finding small factors of φ(m) where m is a number whose factorization is unknown, and φ is Euler's totient function. The security of many modern cryptosystems comes from the perceived difficulty of certain problems.

  9. Neutron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

    "Free" neutrons or protons are nucleons that exist independently, free of any nucleus. The free neutron has a mass of 939 565 413.3 eV/c 2, or 939.565 4133 MeV/c 2. This mass is equal to 1.674 927 471 × 10 −27 kg, or 1.008 664 915 88 Da. [4] The neutron has a mean-square radius of about 0.8 × 10 −15 m, or 0.8 fm, [20] and it is a spin-½ ...