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Cross-cultural psychologists are turning more to the study of how differences (variance) occur, rather than searching for universals in the style of physics or chemistry. [2] [4] While cross-cultural psychology represented only a minor area of psychology prior to WWII, it began to grow in importance during the 1960s.
Hofstede was a researcher in the fields of organizational studies and more concretely organizational culture, also cultural economics and management. [5] He was a well-known pioneer in his research of cross-cultural groups and organizations and played a major role in developing a systematic framework for assessing and differentiating national cultures and organizational cultures.
Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory is a framework for cross-cultural psychology, developed by Geert Hofstede.It shows the effects of a society's culture on the values of its members, and how these values relate to behavior, using a structure derived from factor analysis.
Florence Kluckhohn and Fred Strodtbeck suggested alternate answers to all five, developed culture-specific measures of each, and described the value orientation profiles of five southwestern United States cultural groups. Their theory has since been tested in many other cultures, and used to help negotiating ethnic groups understand one another ...
Both cultural and cross-cultural psychology constitute important elements of global psychology. Cross-cultural psychology emerged during the 1960s-1970s as a separate field of study with a definite identity; it is thus older than the more general field of international psychology, which is only now emerging as a distinct discipline.
One approach psychologists have taken when examining Big Five traits in different cultures has been to examine either similarities or differences between cultures. Generally, researchers examine the average levels of a trait (or multiple traits) across an entire culture to make comparisons cross-culturally. [8]
Culture differences have an impact on the interventions of positive psychology. Culture influences how people seek psychological help, their definitions of social structure, and coping strategies. Cross cultural positive psychology is the application of the main themes of positive psychology from cross-cultural or multicultural perspectives. [1]
[6] [7] [8] He was president of several academic societies, includingthe International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology (1976), the Interamerican Society of Psychology (1987–1989), the Association of Applied Psychology (1990–1994), and Division 8 and 9 of the American Psychological Association in 1977 and 1976, respectively. [9]