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Soil contamination, soil pollution, or land pollution as a part of land degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals or improper disposal of waste .
Worldwide, PM 10 concentrations of 70 μg/m 3 and PM 2.5 concentrations of 35 μg/m 3 have been shown to increase long-term mortality by 15%. [29] More so, approximately 4.2 million of all premature deaths observed in 2016 occurred due to airborne particulate pollution, 91% of which occurred in countries with low to middle socioeconomic status.
PM pollution is estimated to cause 22,000–52,000 deaths per year in the United States (from 2000) [210] contributed to ~370,000 premature deaths in Europe during 2005. [ 211 ] and 3.22 million deaths globally in 2010 per the global burden of disease collaboration . [ 212 ]
Various definitions of pollution exist, which may or may not recognize certain types, such as noise pollution or greenhouse gases.The United States Environmental Protection Administration defines pollution as "Any substances in water, soil, or air that degrade the natural quality of the environment, offend the senses of sight, taste, or smell, or cause a health hazard.
A study concluded that PM 2.5 air pollution induced by the contemporary free trade and consumption by the 19 G20 nations causes two million premature deaths annually, suggesting that the average lifetime consumption of about ~28 people in these countries causes at least one premature death (average age ~67) while developing countries "cannot be ...
Causes include: Land clearance, such as clearcutting, overlogging and deforestation; Agricultural activities such as: Activities that lead to depletion of soil nutrients through poor farming practices such as exposure of naked soil after crop harvesting; Monocultures which destabilize the local ecosystem;
That plastic, researchers wrote, gets into the soil from plastic packaging, clothing—especially made from acrylic and polyester—and the wastewater from washing clothes, microbeads in personal ...
Low socioeconomic status can be a proxy for other kinds of social vulnerability, including race, a lack of ability to influence regulatory permitting and a lack of ability to move to neighborhoods with less environmental pollution. For example, the production of PM 2.5 air pollution mainly comes from the production of goods consumed by white ...