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Neurophysiological studies have indicated a relationship between increased P-wave density during post-training REM sleep and learning performance. [20] [21] Basically, the abundance of PGO waves translates into longer periods of REM sleep, which thereby allows the brain to have longer periods where neuronal connections are formed.
REM sleep is characterized by the lack of muscle activity. Physiological studies have shown that aside from the occasional twitch, a person actually becomes paralyzed during REM sleep. [7] In motor skill learning, an interval of sleep may be critical for the expression of performance gains; without sleep these gains will be delayed. [8]
It is most readily observed in stages of sleep, for example, rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and the delta activity cycle. When awake, brainwaves are faster during the first half of the cycle which corresponds to feeling alert and focused. During the last 20 minutes brainwaves slow and as the body feels dreamy or tired.
NREM, stage 3: deeper sleep. Known as slow-wave sleep or stage 3 non-REM sleep, this is the deepest stage of sleep and the hardest to wake up from. Brain activity slows down, muscles and bones ...
Richard Caton discovered electrical activity in the cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys and presented his findings in 1875. [4] Adolf Beck published in 1890 his observations of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light, detected with electrodes directly placed on the surface of the brain. [5]
Theta rhythm is prominent during part of awaking and REM sleep. Due to the density of its neural layers, the hippocampus generates some of the largest EEG signals of any brain structure. In some situations the EEG is dominated by regular waves at 4–10 Hz, often continuing for many seconds. This EEG pattern is known as the hippocampal theta ...
Brainwave entrainment, also referred to as brainwave synchronization or neural entrainment, refers to the observation that brainwaves (large-scale electrical oscillations in the brain) will naturally synchronize to the rhythm of periodic external stimuli, such as flickering lights, [1] speech, [2] music, [3] or tactile stimuli.
It has long been believed that alpha waves indicate a wakeful period during sleep. [citation needed] This has been attributed to studies where subjects report non-refreshing sleep and have EEG records reporting high levels of alpha intrusion into sleep. This occurrence is known as alpha wave intrusion. [25]