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In computer science, jump point search (JPS) is an optimization to the A* search algorithm for uniform-cost grids. It reduces symmetries in the search procedure by means of graph pruning, [1] eliminating certain nodes in the grid based on assumptions that can be made about the current node's neighbors, as long as certain conditions relating to the grid are satisfied.
The advantage is that all optimizations of grid A* like jump point search will apply. A visibility graph with all the grid points can be searched with A* for the optimal solution in 2D space. However, the performance is problematic since the number of edges in a graph with V {\displaystyle V} vertices is O ( V 2 ) {\displaystyle O(V^{2})} .
Geometric modeling is a branch of applied mathematics and computational geometry that studies methods and algorithms for the mathematical description of shapes.The shapes studied in geometric modeling are mostly two- or three-dimensional (solid figures), although many of its tools and principles can be applied to sets of any finite dimension.
ability to draw the 1st and 2nd derivative and the integral of a plot function; support user-defined constants and parameter values; various tools for plot functions: find minimum/maximum point, get y-value and draw the area between the function and the y-axis
Comparison of several types of graphical projection, including elevation and plan views. To render each such picture, a ray of sight (also called a projection line, projection ray or line of sight) towards the object is chosen, which determines on the object various points of interest (for instance, the points that are visible when looking at the object along the ray of sight); those points of ...
Constructive solid geometry has a number of practical uses. It is used in cases where simple geometric objects are desired, [citation needed] or where mathematical accuracy is important. [4] Nearly all engineering CAD packages use CSG (where it may be useful for representing tool cuts, and features where parts must fit together).
[2] [3] Typically in axonometric drawing, as in other types of pictorials, one axis of space is shown to be vertical. In isometric projection , the most commonly used form of axonometric projection in engineering drawing, [ 4 ] the direction of viewing is such that the three axes of space appear equally foreshortened , and there is a common ...
The 3D model of Berlin allows viewers to look at the city as it is now, as it once was, and as the city might turn into in the future. A 3D city model is digital model of urban areas that represent terrain surfaces, sites, buildings, vegetation, infrastructure and landscape elements in three-dimensional scale as well as related objects (e.g., city furniture) belonging to urban areas.