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It is used to deposit copper and other conductors in forming printed circuit boards and copper interconnects in integrated circuits. It is also used to purify metals such as copper. The aforementioned electroplating of metals uses an electroreduction process (that is, a negative or cathodic current is on the working
Excluding the continuous strip plating industry, copper is the second most commonly-plated metal after nickel. [6] Copper electroplating offers a number of advantages over other plating processes, including low metal cost, high-conductivity and high-ductility bright finish, and high plating efficiency.
The Bone Valley is a region of central Florida, encompassing portions of present-day Hardee, Hillsborough, Manatee, and Polk counties, in which phosphate is mined for use in the production of agricultural fertilizer. Florida currently contains the largest known deposits of phosphate in the United States.
Zinc plating was developed, and continues to evolve, to meet the most challenging corrosion protection, temperature, and wear resistance requirements. Electroplating of zinc was invented in 1800 but the first bright deposits were not obtained until the early 1930s with the alkaline cyanide electrolyte.
In electrowinning, an electrical current is passed from an inert anode through a leach solution containing the dissolved metal ions so that the metal is recovered as it is reduced and deposited in an electroplating process onto the cathode. In electrorefining, the anode consists of the impure metal (e.g., copper) to be refined. The impure ...
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Electroless deposition is an important process in the electronic industry for metallization of substrates. Other metallization of substrates also include physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and electroplating which produce thin metal films but require high temperature, vacuum, and a power source respectively. [19]
It is also possible to form coatings of newer materials (e.g., met glass. beta-C 3 N 4), graded deposits, multi-component deposits etc. The advanced materials and deposition processes including recent developments in ultra hard materials like BAM (AlMgB compound)are fully covered in a recent book[R. Chattopadhyay:Green Tribology,Green Surface ...