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1980 – Gravity Probe A verifies gravitational redshift to approximately 0.007% using a space-born hydrogen maser. [208] 1980 – James Bardeen explains structure in the Universe using cosmological perturbation theory. [209] 1981 – Alan Guth proposes cosmic inflation in order to solve the flatness and horizon problems. [210]
The Cosmic Calendar is a method to visualize the chronology of the universe, scaling its currently understood age of 13.8 billion years to a single year in order to help intuit it for pedagogical purposes in science education or popular science.
Unlike gravity, the effects of such a field do not diminish (or only diminish slowly) as the universe grows. While matter and gravity have a greater effect initially, their effect quickly diminishes as the universe continues to expand. Objects in the universe, which are initially seen to be moving apart as the universe expands, continue to move ...
The most well-known class of spacetime diagrams are known as Minkowski diagrams, developed by Hermann Minkowski in 1908. Minkowski diagrams are two-dimensional graphs that depict events as happening in a universe consisting of one space dimension and one time dimension. Unlike a regular distance-time graph, the distance is displayed on the ...
c. 16th century BCE – Mesopotamian cosmology has a flat, circular Earth enclosed in a cosmic ocean. [1]c. 15th–11th century BCE – The Rigveda of Hinduism has some cosmological hymns, particularly in the late book 10, notably the Nasadiya Sukta which describes the origin of the universe, originating from the monistic Hiranyagarbha or "Golden Egg".
This timeline of the Big Bang shows a sequence of events as currently theorized. It is a logarithmic scale that shows 10 ⋅ log 10 {\displaystyle 10\cdot \log _{10}} second instead of second . For example, one microsecond is 10 ⋅ log 10 0.000001 = 10 ⋅ ( − 6 ) = − 60 {\displaystyle 10\cdot \log _{10}0.000001=10\cdot (-6)=-60} .
This is a list of the largest cosmic structures so far discovered. The unit of measurement used is the light-year (distance traveled by light in one Julian year; approximately 9.46 trillion kilometres).
Timeline from Big Bang to the near cosmological future – Visual representation of the universe's past, present, and future Tiny Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death – Future scenario if the expansion of the universe will continue forever or not - Timeline uses the log scale for comparison with the double-logarithmic scale in this ...