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The length of the curve is given by the formula = | ′ | where | ′ | is the Euclidean norm of the tangent vector ′ to the curve. To justify this formula, define the arc length as limit of the sum of linear segment lengths for a regular partition of [ a , b ] {\displaystyle [a,b]} as the number of segments approaches infinity.
The radius of such a curve is 5729.57795. If the chord definition is used, each 100-unit chord length will sweep 1 degree with a radius of 5729.651 units, and the chord of the whole curve will be slightly shorter than 600 units.
In all these formulae (h, k) are the center coordinates of the hyperbola, a is the length of the semi-major axis, and b is the length of the semi-minor axis. Note that in the rational forms of these formulae, the points ( −a , 0) and (0 , −a ) , respectively, are not represented by a real value of t , but are the limit of x and y as t tends ...
A diagram illustrating great-circle distance (drawn in red) between two points on a sphere, P and Q. Two antipodal points, u and v are also shown.. The great-circle distance, orthodromic distance, or spherical distance is the distance between two points on a sphere, measured along the great-circle arc between them.
The circumference is the arc length of the circle, as if it were opened up and straightened out to a line segment. [1] More generally, the perimeter is the curve length around any closed figure. Circumference may also refer to the circle itself, that is, the locus corresponding to the edge of a disk.
Using a few straight lines to approximate the length of a curve will produce an estimate lower than the true length; when increasingly short (and thus more numerous) lines are used, the sum approaches the curve's true length, and that length is the least upper bound or supremum of all such approximations.
A rectifiable curve is a curve with finite length. A curve γ : [ a , b ] → X {\displaystyle \gamma :[a,b]\to X} is called natural (or unit-speed or parametrized by arc length) if for any t 1 , t 2 ∈ [ a , b ] {\displaystyle t_{1},t_{2}\in [a,b]} such that t 1 ≤ t 2 {\displaystyle t_{1}\leq t_{2}} , we have
In the case of a line in the plane given by the equation ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are real constants with a and b not both zero, the distance from the line to a point (x 0,y 0) is [1] [2]: p.14