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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production and/or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...
Many patients eventually require oxygen supplementation at home. In severe cases that are difficult to control, chronic treatment with oral corticosteroids may be necessary, although this is fraught with significant side effects. COPD is generally irreversible although lung function can partially recover if the patient stops smoking.
Research on individuals with Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), has found a number of effective therapies in relation to exercise intolerance. These include: Oxygen supplementation. Reduces carotid body drive and slows respiration at a given level of exercise. Treatment with bronchodilators
BLVR was initially developed in the early 2000s [1] [2] as a minimally invasive treatment for severe COPD that is primarily caused by emphysema. BLVR evolved from earlier surgical approaches first developed in the 1950s [ 3 ] to reduce lung volume by removing damaged portions of the lungs via pneumonectomy or wedge resection .
In patients with penicillin allergy, doxycycline or trimethoprim are preferred. [7] More complicated bronchitis may be when the patient is more than 65 years old, has four or more exacerbations per year, has an FEV1/FVC ratio of less than 50% on spirometry, has failed to respond to previous antibiotic treatment, and/or has comorbidity. [7]
First-line treatment for patients with PMS but without TOS is self-stretching of the pectoralis minor muscle. [6] Other treatments include injection of botulinium, or surgery that cuts the pectoralis minor tendon. [7] [8] [2] For patients with PMS but without TOS, one study found that surgery resulted in a good or excellent outcome in 90 ...
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