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Pathogen-induced necrosis programs in cells with immunological barriers (intestinal mucosa) may alleviate invasion of pathogens through surfaces affected by inflammation. [1] Toxins and pathogens may cause necrosis; toxins such as snake venoms may inhibit enzymes and cause cell death. [15]
Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis. Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions. This may be the result of the natural process of old cells dying and being replaced by new ones, as in programmed cell death, or may result from factors such as diseases, localized injury, or the death of the organism of which the cells are part.
The most notable components of the cell that are targets of cell damage are the DNA and the cell membrane.. DNA damage: In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as ultraviolet light and other radiations can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as one million individual molecular lesions per cell per day.
With multiple sclerosis, inflammation settles in the central nervous system after immune cells attack the coating on nerves; lupus can cause inflammation in the heart, brain, kidney, and other organs.
Conditions that cause inflammation, such as cancer, can elevate TNF levels, which contributes to muscle wasting. TNF contributes to muscle wasting by activating the NF-κB pathway, which activates the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway to degrade protein, and by inhibiting the activation of satellite cells , which are responsible for protein ...
Reducing the biological activity of proinflammatory cytokine can reduce the brunt of attack from diseases. [7] Blocking IL-1 or TNF-α has been highly successful in helping patients with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, [21] or graft-vs-host disease (GvHD). [7] However, the strategy has not yet been successful in humans with ...
Necroptosis is a programmed form of necrosis, or inflammatory cell death. Conventionally, necrosis is associated with unprogrammed cell death resulting from cellular damage or infiltration by pathogens, in contrast to orderly, programmed cell death via apoptosis. Nemosis is another programmed form of necrosis that takes place in fibroblasts. [18]
Taken together, DAMPs can be useful therapeutic targets for various human diseases, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. [3] DAMPs can trigger re-epithelialization upon kidney injury, contributing to epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and potentially, to myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation. These discoveries suggest that ...