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Household 'ammonia' is a solution of NH 3 in water, and is used as a general purpose cleaner for many surfaces. Because ammonia results in a relatively streak-free shine, one of its most common uses is to clean glass, porcelain, and stainless steel. It is also frequently used for cleaning ovens and for soaking items to loosen baked-on grime.
Fritz Haber, 1918. The Haber process, [1] also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia. [2] [3] It converts atmospheric nitrogen (N 2) to ammonia (NH 3) by a reaction with hydrogen (H 2) using finely divided iron metal as a catalyst:
Ammonia boils at −33.34 °C (−28.012 °F) at a pressure of one atmosphere, but the liquid can often be handled in the laboratory without external cooling. Household ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution of ammonia in water.
In it, Haber inserted the results of his study of the equilibrium equation of ammonia: N 2 (g) + 3 H 2 (g) ⇌ 2 NH 3 (g) - ΔH. At 1000 °C in the presence of an iron catalyst, "small" amounts of ammonia were produced from dinitrogen and dihydrogen gas. [40] These results discouraged his further pursuit in this direction. [41]
The table above gives properties of the vapor–liquid equilibrium of anhydrous ammonia at various temperatures. The second column is vapor pressure in kPa. The third column is the density of the liquid phase. The fourth column is the density of the vapor.
In the original 1952 experiment, methane (CH 4), ammonia (NH 3), and hydrogen (H 2) were all sealed together in a 2:2:1 ratio (1 part H 2) inside a sterile 5-L glass flask connected to a 500-mL flask half-full of water (H 2 O). The gas chamber was intended to represent Earth's prebiotic atmosphere, while the water simulated an ocean. The water ...
A weak acid like boric acid (H 3 BO 3) in excess of ammonia is often used. Standardized HCl, H 2 SO 4 or some other strong acid can be used instead, but this is less commonplace. The sample solution is then distilled with a small amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). [3] NaOH can also be added with a dropping funnel. [4]
Ammonia electrolysis may require much less thermodynamic energy than water electrolysis (only 0.06 V in alkaline media). [25] Another option for recovering ammonia from wastewater is to use the mechanics of the ammonia-water thermal absorption cycle. [26] [27] Ammonia can thus be recovered either as a liquid or as ammonium hydroxide. The ...