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  2. Moderation (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderation_(statistics)

    In statistics and regression analysis, moderation (also known as effect modification) occurs when the relationship between two variables depends on a third variable. The third variable is referred to as the moderator variable (or effect modifier ) or simply the moderator (or modifier ).

  3. Confounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding

    Confounding is defined in terms of the data generating model. Let X be some independent variable, and Y some dependent variable.To estimate the effect of X on Y, the statistician must suppress the effects of extraneous variables that influence both X and Y.

  4. Interaction (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_(statistics)

    Interaction effect of education and ideology on concern about sea level rise. In statistics, an interaction may arise when considering the relationship among three or more variables, and describes a situation in which the effect of one causal variable on an outcome depends on the state of a second causal variable (that is, when effects of the two causes are not additive).

  5. Controlling for a variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_for_a_variable

    In other cases, controlling for a non-confounding variable may cause underestimation of the true causal effect of the explanatory variables on an outcome (e.g. when controlling for a mediator or its descendant). [2] [3] Counterfactual reasoning mitigates the influence of confounders without this drawback. [3]

  6. Spurious relationship - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_relationship

    Graphical model: Whereas a mediator is a factor in the causal chain (top), a confounder is a spurious factor incorrectly implying causation (bottom). In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation [1] [2] is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third ...

  7. Affect vs. Effect: What’s the Difference? - AOL

    www.aol.com/affect-vs-effect-difference...

    For instance, you could correctly say, “The effects of climate change can be felt worldwide” and “This medicine may have some side effects.” “Affect,” meanwhile, is a verb that means ...

  8. You need money and have no savings. Here’s what to do instead ...

    www.aol.com/finance/money-no-savings-instead...

    Something happened, and you need money. Urgently. You look at your savings account. Tumbleweeds roll across the place your emergency fund should occupy. Meanwhile, your credit card beckons with ...

  9. The Mandela effect: 10 examples that explain what it is and ...

    www.aol.com/lifestyle/mandela-effect-10-examples...

    Here are some Mandela effect examples that have confused me over the years — and many others too. Grab your friends and see which false memories you may share. 1.