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The social ecological model understands health to be affected by the interaction between the individual, the group/community, and the physical, social, and political environments (Israel et al., 2003; Sallis et al., 2008; Wallerstein et al., 2003).
Levels include intrapersonal (individual's knowledge, demographics, attitudes, values, skills, behavior, self-concept, self-esteem), interpersonal (social networks, social supports, families, work groups, peers, friends, neighbors), organizational (norms, incentives, organizational culture, management styles, organizational structure ...
Grounded in social ecological theory, CDC created a four-level model of the factors affecting health. The four levels include: Individual. Relationship. Community. Societal. Health professionals, researchers, and community leaders can use this model to identify factors at different levels that contribute to poor health.
The socioecological model provides a comprehensive approach to understanding and addressing the multiple levels of influence on health behaviors and outcomes, and it informs the development of multilevel interventions to promote health and prevent disease.
There are five nested, hierarchical levels of the SEM: Individual, interpersonal, community, organizational, and policy/enabling environment. The most effective approach to VAWG prevention and social norms change uses a combination of interventions at all levels of the model.
The social ecological model illustrates the importance of networks of people and structures that surround a child or adolescent, safeguarding their well-being and sense of agency, and supporting their optimal development.
The CDC model has four levels: individual, relationship, community, and societal. Table 10.4 defines the levels of the model and includes proposed prevention strategies to address violence at each level.
Social Ecological Model. The Office of Health Promotion uses many strategies to promote behavior change. One approach is the Socioecological Model (SEM). This model is a systems level approach, which provides a theoretical framework to address several behaviors.
Social ecological models recognize indi-viduals as embedded within larger social systems and describe the interactive characteristics of individuals and environments that underlie health outcomes (Sallis, Owen, & Fisher, 2008; Stokols, 1992).
CDC uses a four-level social-ecological model (SEM) to better understand and prevent violence. 1 Violence is complicated and results from a combination of multiple influences on behavior.