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The carbon equivalent is a measure of the tendency of the weld to form martensite on cooling and to suffer brittle fracture. When the carbon equivalent is between 0.40 and 0.60 weld preheat may be necessary. When the carbon equivalent is above 0.60, preheat is necessary, postheat may be necessary. The following carbon equivalent formula is used ...
Biological carbon fixation, or сarbon assimilation, is the process by which living organisms convert inorganic carbon (particularly carbon dioxide) to organic compounds. These organic compounds are then used to store energy and as structures for other biomolecules. Carbon is primarily fixed through photosynthesis, but some organisms use ...
Crystallography. A crystalline solid: atomic resolution image of strontium titanate. Brighter spots are columns of strontium atoms and darker ones are titanium - oxygen columns. Crystallography is the branch of science devoted to the study of molecular and crystalline structure and properties. [1] The word crystallography is derived from the ...
The carbon cycle is a biogeochemical cycle that is important in maintaining life on Earth over a long time span. The cycle includes carbon sequestration and carbon sinks. [4][5] Plate tectonics are needed for life over a long time span, and carbon-based life is important in the plate tectonics process. [6]
A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon whose molecules consist of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms. The molecules may have hollow sphere - and ellipsoid -like forms, tubes, or other shapes. Fullerenes with a closed mesh topology are ...
Biological engineering. Biological engineering or bioengineering is the application of principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible, economically viable products. [1] Biological engineering employs knowledge and expertise from a number of pure and applied sciences, [2] such as mass and heat transfer, kinetics ...
Bioinformatics uses biology, chemistry, physics, computer science, computer programming, information engineering, mathematics and statistics to analyze and interpret biological data. The subsequent process of analyzing and interpreting data is often referred to as computational biology, though the distinction between the two terms is often ...
Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). At this scale, commonly known as the nanoscale, surface area and quantum mechanical effects become important in describing properties of matter. This definition of nanotechnology includes all types of research and technologies that deal ...