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This is a list of commands from the GNU Core Utilities for Unix environments. These commands can be found on Unix operating systems and most Unix-like operating systems. GNU Core Utilities include basic file, shell and text manipulation utilities. Coreutils includes all of the basic command-line tools that are expected in a POSIX system.
This is a list of POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) commands as specified by IEEE Std 1003.1-2024, which is part of the Single UNIX Specification (SUS). These commands can be found on Unix operating systems and most Unix-like operating systems.
sort /usr/share/dict/words sorts the contents of the words file alphabetically, as comm expects, and <( ... ) outputs the results to a temporary file (via process substitution), which comm reads. The result is a list of words (lines) that are not found in /usr/share/dict/words. less allows the user to page through the results.
Mounting a file containing a file system via such a loop mount makes the files within that file system accessible. They appear in the mount point directory. A loop device may allow some kind of data elaboration during this redirection. For example, the device may be the unencrypted version of an encrypted file.
See the List of GNU Core Utilities commands for a brief description of included commands. Alternative implementation packages are available in the FOSS ecosystem, with a slightly different scope and focus (less functionality), or license. For example, BusyBox which is licensed under GPL-2.0-only, and Toybox which is licensed under 0BSD.
cat does not provide a way to concatenate Unicode text files that have a Byte Order Mark or files using different text encodings from each other. For many structured binary data sets, the resulting combined file may not be valid; for example, if a file has a unique header or footer, the result will spuriously duplicate these.
A shell script can provide a convenient variation of a system command where special environment settings, command options, or post-processing apply automatically, but in a way that allows the new script to still act as a fully normal Unix command. One example would be to create a version of ls, the command to list files, giving it a shorter ...
locate is a Unix utility which serves to find files on filesystems. It searches through a prebuilt database of files generated by the updatedb command or by a daemon and compressed using incremental encoding. It operates significantly faster than find, but requires regular updating of the database.