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Model building; Conjugate prior; Linear regression; Empirical Bayes; Hierarchical model; Posterior approximation; Markov chain Monte Carlo; Laplace's approximation; Integrated nested Laplace approximations; Variational inference; Approximate Bayesian computation; Estimators; Bayesian estimator; Credible interval; Maximum a posteriori estimation ...
The reparameterization trick (aka "reparameterization gradient estimator") is a technique used in statistical machine learning, particularly in variational inference, variational autoencoders, and stochastic optimization.
Variational Bayesian methods are a family of techniques for approximating intractable integrals arising in Bayesian inference and machine learning.They are typically used in complex statistical models consisting of observed variables (usually termed "data") as well as unknown parameters and latent variables, with various sorts of relationships among the three types of random variables, as ...
The likelihood estimate needs to be as large as possible; because it's a lower bound, getting closer improves the approximation of the log likelihood. By substituting in the factorized version of , (), parameterized over the hidden nodes as above, is simply the negative relative entropy between and plus other terms independent of if is defined as
English: The ladder of inference is metaphorical model, created by Chris Argyris (1923–2013), of how people take action based on an often unconscious process of inference from the flux or pool of observable "data". Argyris's original ladder had fewer rungs with different names.
Statistical inference makes propositions about a population, using data drawn from the population with some form of sampling.Given a hypothesis about a population, for which we wish to draw inferences, statistical inference consists of (first) selecting a statistical model of the process that generates the data and (second) deducing propositions from the model.
To optimize this model, one needs to know two terms: the "reconstruction error", and the Kullback–Leibler divergence (KL-D). Both terms are derived from the free energy expression of the probabilistic model, and therefore differ depending on the noise distribution and the assumed prior of the data, here referred to as p-distribution.
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