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Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. [1] On Earth, most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer of the planet's atmosphere, the troposphere, [2] [3] just below the stratosphere.
A Köppen–Geiger climate map showing temperate climates for 1991–2020 The different geographical zones of the world. The temperate zones, in the sense of geographical regions defined by latitude, span from either north or south of the subtropics (north or south of the orange dotted lines, at 35 degrees north or south) to the polar circles.
Mesoscale meteorology studies weather systems like thunderstorm clusters too small to be resolved by the earliest weather observation networks. The earliest networks of weather observations in the late 1800s and early 1900s could detect the movement and evolution of larger, synoptic-scale systems like high and low-pressure areas. However ...
Within any modern model is a set of equations, known as the primitive equations, used to predict the future state of the atmosphere. [11] These equations—along with the ideal gas law —are used to evolve the density , pressure , and potential temperature scalar fields and the velocity vector field of the atmosphere through time.
Out of an average 340 watts per square meter (W/m 2) of solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere, about 200 W/m 2 reaches the surface via windows, mostly the optical and infrared. Also, out of about 340 W/m 2 of reflected shortwave (105 W/m 2 ) plus outgoing longwave radiation (235 W/m 2 ), 80-100 W/m 2 exits to space through the infrared ...
On an everyday basis, many people use weather forecasts to determine what to wear on a given day. Since outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy rain, snow and wind chill, forecasts can be used to plan activities around these events, and to plan ahead and survive them. Weather forecasting is a part of the economy.
Synchronized weather balloon launches have helped meteorologists create forecasts over the past 150 years, and now the old tradition is going high tech. Twice a day - every day of the year ...
The thermal wind is the difference in the geostrophic wind between two levels in the atmosphere. It exists only in an atmosphere with horizontal temperature gradients. [5] The ageostrophic wind component is the difference between actual and geostrophic wind, which is responsible for air "filling up" cyclones over time. [6]