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Internal bleeding (also called internal haemorrhage) is a loss of blood from a blood vessel that collects inside the body, and is not usually visible from the outside. [1] It can be a serious medical emergency but the extent of severity depends on bleeding rate and location of the bleeding (e.g. head, torso, extremities).
If left untreated, the accumulation of blood may put pressure on the mediastinum and the trachea, limiting the heart's ability to fill. However, if treated, the prognosis following a traumatic hemothorax is usually favourable and dependent on other non-thoracic injuries that have been sustained at the same time, the age of the person, and the ...
In the superior mediastinum, the thoracic duct is situated posterior to and to the left of the esophagus. It is situated between the visceral and alar fascia. [5] It passes posterior to the left common carotid artery, vagus nerve (CN X), and internal jugular vein. [3] At C7 level, it lies posterolaterally to the carotid sheath.
The carotid arteries are major blood vessels in the neck that branch into smaller vessels called the external and internal carotid arteries. [3] In carotid artery dissection, a tear in the arterial wall allows blood to flow between the layers of the artery, leading to potential narrowing, reduced blood flow, or clot formation, which may cause a ...
Initial management consists of immediate blood transfusion if the patient is in hemorrhagic shock. Classically, hemoperitoneum was an indication for emergency surgery to locate the source of bleeding and also to recover spilled blood from the peritoneal cavity and to use it for auto-transfusion if it has not been contaminated by ruptured bowel contents.
Esophageal varices are extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus. [1] They are most often a consequence of portal hypertension, [2] commonly due to cirrhosis. [3] People with esophageal varices have a strong tendency to develop severe bleeding which left untreated can be fatal.
A lower gastrointestinal bleed is defined as bleeding originating distal to the ileocecal valve, which includes the colon, rectum, and anus. [2] LGIB was previously defined as any bleed that occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz, which included the aforementioned parts of the intestine and also included the last 1/4 of the duodenum and the entire area of the jejunum and ileum. [1]
Bleeding may be either external or internal. [3] A substantial amount of blood loss to the point of hemodynamic compromise may occur in the chest, abdomen, or the retroperitoneum. [3] The thigh itself can hold up to 1 L to 2 L of blood. [3] Localizing and controlling the source of bleeding is of utmost importance to the treatment of hemorrhagic ...