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The divergence of a vector field extends naturally to any differentiable manifold of dimension n that has a volume form (or density) μ, e.g. a Riemannian or Lorentzian manifold. Generalising the construction of a two-form for a vector field on R 3, on such a manifold a vector field X defines an (n − 1)-form j = i X μ obtained by contracting ...
This article uses the standard notation ISO 80000-2, which supersedes ISO 31-11, for spherical coordinates (other sources may reverse the definitions of θ and φ): . The polar angle is denoted by [,]: it is the angle between the z-axis and the radial vector connecting the origin to the point in question.
The division sign (÷) is a mathematical symbol consisting of a short horizontal line with a dot above and another dot below, used in Anglophone countries to indicate the operation of division. This usage, though widespread in some countries, is not universal and the symbol has a different meaning in other countries.
A general 1-form is a linear combination of these differentials at every point on the manifold: + +, where the f k = f k (x 1, ... , x n) are functions of all the coordinates. A differential 1-form is integrated along an oriented curve as a line integral.
In Cartesian coordinates, the divergence of a continuously differentiable vector field = + + is the scalar-valued function: = = (, , ) (, , ) = + +.. As the name implies, the divergence is a (local) measure of the degree to which vectors in the field diverge.
The obelus – or division sign – used as a variant of the minus sign in an excerpt from an official Norwegian trading statement form called «Næringsoppgave 1» for the taxation year 2010. The form of the obelus as a horizontal line with a dot above and a dot below, ÷, was first used as a symbol for division by the Swiss mathematician ...
Thus the form a x dx + a y dy + a z dz corresponds to the "dual form" a z dx ∧ dy + a y dz ∧ dx + a x dy ∧ dz. Thus, identifying 0-forms and 3-forms with scalar fields, and 1-forms and 2-forms with vector fields: grad takes a scalar field (0-form) to a vector field (1-form); curl takes a vector field (1-form) to a pseudovector field (2-form);
E.g.: x**2 + 3*x + 5 will be represented as [1, 3, 5] """ out = list (dividend) # Copy the dividend normalizer = divisor [0] for i in range (len (dividend)-len (divisor) + 1): # For general polynomial division (when polynomials are non-monic), # we need to normalize by dividing the coefficient with the divisor's first coefficient out [i ...