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Chlorobenzene (abbreviated PhCl) is an aryl chloride and the simplest of the chlorobenzenes, consisting of a benzene ring substituted with one chlorine atom. Its chemical formula is C 6 H 5 Cl. This colorless, flammable liquid is a common solvent and a widely used intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals.
The following compounds are liquid at room temperature and are completely miscible with water; they are often used as solvents. Many of them are hygroscopic.
In industrial paper-making processes, organosolv is a pulping technique that uses an organic solvent to solubilise lignin and hemicellulose. It has been considered in the context of both pulp and paper manufacture and biorefining for subsequent conversion of cellulose to fuel ethanol.
When dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid and warmed to 210 °C, the solution on pouring into water yields a precipitate of resorufin, C 12 H 7 NO 3, an oxyphenoxazone, which is insoluble in water but is readily soluble in hot concentrated hydrochloric acid, and in solutions of caustic alkalis.
Specific gravity is defined as the density of the solvent divided by the density of water at the same temperature. As such, specific gravity is a unitless value. It readily communicates whether a water-insoluble solvent will float (SG < 1.0) or sink (SG > 1.0) when mixed with water.
p-DCB is produced by chlorination of benzene using ferric chloride as a catalyst: . C 6 H 6 + 2 Cl 2 → C 6 H 4 Cl 2 + 2 HCl. The chief impurity is the 1,2 isomer.The compound can be purified by fractional crystallization, taking advantage of its relatively high melting point of 53.5 °C; the isomeric dichlorobenzenes and chlorobenzene melt well below room temperature.
Hexachlorobenzene, or perchlorobenzene, is an aryl chloride and a six-substituted chlorobenzene with the molecular formula C 6 Cl 6. It is a fungicide formerly used as a seed treatment, especially on wheat to control the fungal disease bunt. Its use has been banned globally under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. [6]
Other methods afford the compound less efficiently include the chlorination of 1,3-dinitrobenzene, nitration of o-nitrochlorobenzene and the dinitration of chlorobenzene. [3] By virtue of the two nitro substituents, the chloride in DNCB is particularly susceptible to nucleophilic substitution, at least relative to simple chlorobenzene. In this ...