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In addition, research has found genetic evidence that humans have had a long evolutionary history to plant neurotoxins. Sullivan et al. (2008) [12] has noted that humans, like other mammals, have 'inherited' the cytochrome P450 system, which functions to detoxify chemicals found in the environment, including plant neurotoxins.
The common biomolecular mechanisms underlying addiction – CREB and ΔFosB – were reviewed by Eric J. Nestler in a 2013 review. [3] Genetics and mental disorders may precipitate the severity of a drug addiction. It is estimated that 50% of healthy individuals developing an addiction can trace the cause to genetic factors. [4]
There are a range of genetic and environmental risk factors for developing an addiction that vary across the population. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Genetic and environmental risk factors each account for roughly half of an individual's risk for developing an addiction; [ 2 ] the contribution from epigenetic (inheritable traits) [ 6 ] risk factors to the ...
Substance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is a biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance because of an adaptive state that has developed within the individual from psychoactive substance consumption that results in the experience of withdrawal and that necessitates the re-consumption ...
Studies have proven that genetic variations and differences in our neurobiology can alter an individual's vulnerability to developing an addiction. [32] Estimates have shown that around 40%-60% of the susceptibility of an individual to develop an addiction to drugs, nicotine, and alcohol is allotted to genetic variables. [ 32 ]
The etymology of the term addiction throughout history has been misunderstood and has taken on various meanings associated with the word. [201] An example is the usage of the word in the religious landscape of early modern Europe. [202] "Addiction" at the time meant "to attach" to something, giving it both positive and negative connotations.
Another important concern is the lack of evidence supporting the addictive personality label and the possibility of stigma. [2] While there is a medical consensus surrounding the genetic components of addiction, [5] there is no such consensus supporting the idea that specific personality types have a tendency towards addictive behaviors. [2]
Chemical genetics is analogous to classical genetic screen where random mutations are introduced in organisms, the phenotype of these mutants is observed, and finally the specific gene mutation that produced that phenotype is identified. In chemical genetics, the phenotype is disturbed not by introduction of mutations, but by exposure to small ...