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The hard sign is the rarest grapheme of the Russian language. Out of all 200,000 documented words in Russian, only 400 (0.02%) contain the letter Ъ. Despite its rare usage in Russian, it is considered one of the most common letters in Bulgarian.
The back yer (Ъ, ъ, italics Ъ, ъ) of the Cyrillic script, also spelled jer or er, is known as the hard sign in the modern Russian and Rusyn alphabets and as ер голям (er golyam, "big er") in the Bulgarian alphabet. Pre-reform Russian orthography and texts in Old East Slavic and in Old Church
The soft sign, ь , in most positions acts like a "silent front vowel" and indicates that the preceding consonant is palatalized (except for always-hard ж, ш, ц) and the following vowel (if present) is iotated (including ьо in loans). This is important as palatalization is phonemic in Russian.
Yeru or Eru (Ы ы; italics: Ы ы), usually called Y in modern Russian or Yery or Ery historically and in modern Church Slavonic, is a letter in the Cyrillic script. It represents the close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/ (more rear or upper than i) after non-palatalised (hard) consonants in the Belarusian and Russian alphabets.
Known as the hard sign (Russian: твёрдый знак, romanized: tvjordyj znak, pronounced [ˈtvʲɵrdɨj ˈznak]), ъ , an "unpalatalization sign", also denotes iotation, as in the case of ъя , ъе , ъё and ъю in Russian. It differs from the soft sign in that it doesn't necessarily soften the preceding consonant like the soft sign ...
E (Э э) represents /ɛ/, just like in Russian. An apostrophe (’) is used to indicate depalatalization [clarification needed] of the preceding consonant. This orthographical symbol is used instead of the traditional Cyrillic letter Yer (Ъ), also known as the hard sign.
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Russian vowel chart by Jones & Trofimov (1923:55). The symbol i̝ stands for a positional variant of /i/ raised in comparison with the usual allophone of /i/, not a raised cardinal which would result in a consonant. Russian stressed vowel chart according to their formants and surrounding consonants, from Timberlake (2004:31, 38). C is hard (non ...