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In OMZs oxygen concentration drops to levels <10 nM at the base of the oxycline and can remain anoxic for over 700 m depth. [7] This lack of oxygen can be reinforced or increased due to physical processes changing oxygen supply such as eddy-driven advection, [7] sluggish ventilation, [8] increases in ocean stratification, and increases in ocean temperature which reduces oxygen solubility.
This series of reactions governs the pH levels in the ocean and also dictates the saturation state of seawater, indicating how saturated or unsaturated the seawater is with carbonate ions. Consequently, the saturation state significantly influences the balance between the dissolution and calcification processes in marine biogenic calcifiers.
Most fish cannot live below 30% saturation since they rely on oxygen to derive energy from their nutrients. Hypoxia leads to impaired reproduction of remaining fish via endocrine disruption. [6] A "healthy" aquatic environment should seldom experience less than 80% saturation. The exaerobic zone is found at the boundary of anoxic and hypoxic zones.
[1] Dead zones are hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in the world's oceans and large lakes. Hypoxia occurs when dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration falls to or below 2 ml of O 2 /liter. [2] When a body of water experiences hypoxic conditions, aquatic flora and fauna begin to change behavior in order to reach sections of water with higher oxygen levels.
Higher concentrations of CO 2 resulted in a higher partial pressure of CO 2 over the ocean. This greater pressure of atmospheric CO 2 leads to increased dissolved CO 2 in the ocean mixed surface layer. This effect was somewhat moderated by the deep oceans' elevated temperatures during this period. [6]
The lysocline is the depth in the ocean dependent upon the carbonate compensation depth (CCD), usually around 5 km, below which the rate of dissolution of calcite increases dramatically because of a pressure effect. While the lysocline is the upper bound of this transition zone of calcite saturation, the CCD is the lower bound of this zone. [1]
Anoxic waters are areas of sea water, fresh water, or groundwater that are depleted of dissolved oxygen.The US Geological Survey defines anoxic groundwater as those with dissolved oxygen concentration of less than 0.5 milligrams per litre. [1]
Colorfulness § Saturation, see also: "Saturation intent", a rendering intent in color management; Thermodynamic state at lower temperature bound of superheated steam; Saturation (magnetic), the state when a magnetic material is fully magnetized; Saturated fluid or saturated vapor, contains as much thermal energy as it can without boiling or ...