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In the Eurocode series of European standards (EN) related to construction, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures (abbreviated EN 1991 or, informally, EC 1) describes how to design load-bearing structures. It includes characteristic values for various types of loads and densities for all materials which are likely to be used in construction.
Considerations involved in selecting a roof pitch include availability and cost of materials, aesthetics, ease or difficulty of construction, climatic factors such as wind and potential snow load, [2] and local building codes. The primary purpose of pitching a roof is to redirect wind and precipitation, whether in the form of rain or snow.
The factors applied to resistance also account for the degree of scientific confidence in the derivation of the values. In determining the specific magnitude of the factors, more deterministic loads (e.g., dead load - the weight of the structure and permanent attachments like walls, floor treatments, ceiling finishes) are given lower factors ...
Collapsed barn at Hörsne, Gotland, Sweden Building collapse due to snow weight. Structural integrity and failure is an aspect of engineering that deals with the ability of a structure to support a designed structural load (weight, force, etc.) without breaking and includes the study of past structural failures in order to prevent failures in future designs.
For example, in designing a staircase, a dead load factor may be 1.2 times the weight of the structure, and a live load factor may be 1.6 times the maximum expected live load. These two "factored loads" are combined (added) to determine the "required strength" of the staircase.
Removal of snow from a roof with a special tool called a roof rake. To be successful, the entire roof must be shoveled. Shoveling part way up a roof will cause an ice dam to form at the location where the snow was left, because the meltwater will freeze when it hits the freezing air.
Section view through a house roof drawing showing names for parts of the structure. [clarification needed] (UK and Australia). Ctrs. means centers, a typical line to which carpenters layout framing. Domestic roof construction is the framing and roof covering which is found on most detached houses in cold and temperate climates. [1]
However, R-value is widely used in practice to describe the thermal resistance of insulation products, layers, and most other parts of the building enclosure (walls, floors, roofs). Other areas of the world more commonly use U-value/U-factor for elements of the entire building enclosure including windows, doors, walls, roof, and ground slabs. [27]