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Various halvings and doublings of 44.1 kHz are used – the lower rates 11.025 kHz and 22.05 kHz are found in WAV files, and are suitable for low-bandwidth applications, while the higher rates of 88.2 kHz and 176.4 kHz are used in mastering and in DVD-Audio – the higher rates are useful both for the usual reason of providing additional ...
[81] [82]: sec. 2.6 An audio CD can represent frequencies up to 22.05 kHz, the Nyquist frequency of the 44.1 kHz sample rate. [ 83 ] There was a long debate over the use of 16-bit (Sony) or 14-bit (Philips) quantization , and 44,056 or 44,100 samples/s (Sony) or approximately 44,000 samples/s (Philips).
Sampling rate used by the Mitsubishi X-80 digital audio recorder. 64,000 Hz Uncommonly used, but supported by some hardware [18] [19] and software. [20] [21] 88,200 Hz Sampling rate used by some professional recording equipment when the destination is CD (multiples of 44,100 Hz).
Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm (12 in) disc that could play an hour of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using modified frequency modulation encoding. [21]
The DVD format uses the 48 kHz sampling rate, and its doublings. In digital audio, 48,000 Hz (also represented as 48 kHz or DVD Quality) is a common sampling rate. It has become the standard for professional audio and video. 48 kHz is evenly divisible by 24, a common frame rate for media, such as film, unlike 44.1 kHz. [i]
Direct Stream Digital (DSD) is a trademark used by Sony and Philips for their system for digitally encoding audio signals for the Super Audio CD (SACD).. DSD uses delta-sigma modulation, a form of pulse-density modulation encoding, a technique to represent audio signals in digital format, a sequence of single-bit values at a sampling rate of 2.8224 MHz.
The Super Audio CD format was introduced in 1999, [1] and is defined by the Scarlet Book standard document. Philips and Crest Digital partnered in May 2002 to develop and install the first SACD hybrid disc production line in the United States, with a production capacity of up to three million discs per year. [2]
Sample-rate conversion prevents changes in speed and pitch that would otherwise occur when transferring recorded material between such systems. More specific types of resampling include: upsampling or upscaling; downsampling, downscaling, or decimation; and interpolation. The term multi-rate digital signal processing is sometimes used to refer ...