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Crowd simulation is the process of simulating the movement (or dynamics) of a large number of entities or characters. [1] It is commonly used to create virtual scenes for visual media like films and video games, and is also used in crisis training, [2] architecture and urban planning, [3] and evacuation simulation.
Human performance modeling (HPM) is a method of quantifying human behavior, cognition, and processes.It is a tool used by human factors researchers and practitioners for both the analysis of human function and for the development of systems designed for optimal user experience and interaction . [1]
The design of these systems and their contents are based on behavioral change theories and models for behavioral change over time. [3] The theory of planned behavior describes the relationship between attitudes, intentions, and the desired behavior. It is considered to be one of the most influential determinant models.
Systems psychology is a branch of both theoretical psychology and applied psychology that studies human behaviour and experience as complex systems. It is inspired by systems theory and systems thinking , and based on the theoretical work of Roger Barker , Gregory Bateson , Humberto Maturana and others. [ 1 ]
The HAM model was later expanded into the first version of the ACT theory. [37] This was the first time the procedural memory was added to the original declarative memory system, introducing a computational dichotomy that was later proved to hold in human brain. [38] The theory was then further extended into the ACT* model of human cognition. [39]
GNS theory is an informal field of study developed by Ron Edwards which attempts to create a unified theory of how role-playing games work. Focused on player behavior, in GNS theory participants in role-playing games organize their interactions around three categories of engagement: Gamism, Narrativism and Simulation.
One of the most notable video games to incorporate systems simulation is Sim City, [1] which simulates the multiple systems of a functioning city including but not limited to: electricity, water, sewage, public transportation, population growth, social interactions (including, but not limited to jobs, education and emergency response).
If w1 can be deduced given w2 and the model, w2 is said to be observable. In terms of mathematical modeling, the to-be-deduced quantity or variable is often referred to as the latent variable and the observed variable is the manifest variable. Such a system is then called an observable (latent variable) system.