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When the gas exports resumed, Colombia exported an estimated 50 million cubic feet a day, about half the amount that was exported before May 2014. [4] On 11 June 2015, Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PdV) announced that it would not renew the contract to import gas from Colombia, letting the contract expire on 30 June.
The pipeline would pump gas from Colombia to Venezuela and, after 7 years, from Venezuela to Colombia. [15] Venezuela has also proposed the project of Gran Gasoducto del Sur, which would connect Venezuela with Brazil and Argentina. [16] There has been some discussion about constructing an oil pipeline to Colombia along the Pacific Ocean. [7]
Venezuela also has 150 trillion cubic feet (4.2 × 10 12 m 3) of natural gas reserves. The crude oil PDVSA extracts from the Orinoco is refined into a fuel eponymously named 'Orimulsion'. [12] PDVSA has a production capacity, including the strategic associations and operating agreements, of 4 million barrels (640,000 m 3) per day (600,000 m 3).
[3] [4] In February 2005, after a PDVSA subsidiary had taken a stake in the joint venture, the project again received approval. [3] ConocoPhillips was the operator of the field and owned 32.5% of the project, with PDVSA through subsidiary CVP holding 35%, Italian company Eni holding 26% and Taiwanese company CPC Corporation holding 6.5%. [2] [4]
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The refinery was a joint venture between Hess Corporation and PDVSA. For most of its operating life as Hovensa, it supplied heating oil and gasoline to the U.S. Gulf Coast and the eastern seaboard with the crude mainly sourced from Venezuela. Previously it had sourced its crude feedstock from a number of other countries including Libya.
On January 28, 2019, the U.S. Government imposed sanctions on PDVSA, freezing its assets in the U.S., and barring any U.S. firms and citizens from doing business with it. [47] [48] [49] In February, Citgo cut ties with the PdVSA, and halted payments to them, placing them in a "blocked account". However, the sanctions limited Citgo's ability to ...
Companies in the petroleum sector evaded the sanctions on Venezuela's state-owned oil company, PDVSA, to continue oil shipments. In October 2023, the administration of Joe Biden temporarily lifted some U.S. sanctions on the oil, gas and gold industries in exchange for the promise of the release of political prisoners and free 2024 elections.