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A typical polymer has a refractive index of 1.30–1.70, but a higher refractive index is often required for specific applications. The refractive index is related to the molar refractivity, structure and weight of the monomer. In general, high molar refractivity and low molar volumes increase the refractive index of the polymer. [1]
Influences of selected glass component additions on the Abbe number of a specific base glass. [ 2 ] An Abbe diagram , also called 'the glass veil', is produced by plotting the Abbe number V d {\displaystyle V_{\mathsf {d}}} of a material versus its refractive index n d . {\displaystyle n_{\mathsf {d}}.}
Clayton and Bell was one of the most prolific and proficient British workshops of stained-glass windows during the latter half of the 19th century and early 20th century. [1] The partners were John Richard Clayton (1827–1913) and Alfred Bell (1832–1895).
The term 'leadlight' could be used to describe any window in which the glass is supported by lead, but traditionally, a distinction is made between stained glass windows and leadlights; the former is associated with the ornate coloured-glass windows of churches and similar buildings, while the latter is associated with the windows of vernacular ...
Henry Willet created the first sculptured gold window between 1948–49. When first devised, the sculptured gold overlay was based on leaded stained glass windows. Later, faceted glass set in epoxy resin was used. These glasses, about an inch in thickness, but possibly up to two inches for special effects, contribute great brilliance of color ...
Guler's rich colors were achieved by hand-painting sections of glass (from France, Germany and the US) with glass paints: ground glass mixed with iron oxide, yellow stain and other colorants; then firing the painted glass in a kiln. Windows made with this detailed painting are known as Munich-style stained-glass, or Munich windows. [3]
Munich-style stained glass was produced in the Royal Bavarian Stained Glass Manufactory, Munich, in the mid-19th century. [1] King Ludwig I [1] opened the glassworks in 1827 which continued production of high quality glass until the early 20th century. Franz Xaver Zettler headed the operation for much of this time. [2]
Godwin designed most of the stained-and-leaded glass for the Pennsylvania State Capitol in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Capitol's green and gold hemispheric opalescent glass dome in the Supreme Court Chamber was created by Alfred Godwin of Philadelphia. Godwin emigrated from England in 1874 where he had received his training in stained glass.